Django数据模型中on_delete使用详解
on_delete属性针对外键ForeignKey
一、django3.0官方文档介绍：
Many-to-one relationships多对一关系
To define a many-to-one relationship, use django.db.models.ForeignKey. You use it just like any other Field type: by including it as a class attribute of your model.
ForeignKey requires a positional argument: the class to which the model is related.
For example, if a Car model has a Manufacturer – that is, a Manufacturer makes multiple cars but each Car only has one Manufacturer – use the following definitions:
from django.db import models class Manufacturer(models.Model): # ... pass class Car(models.Model): manufacturer = models.ForeignKey(Manufacturer, on_delete=models.CASCADE) # ...
You can also create recursive relationships (an object with a many-to-one relationship to itself) and relationships to models not yet defined; see the model field reference for details.
It's suggested, but not required, that the name of a ForeignKey field (manufacturer in the example above) be the name of the model, lowercase. You can, of course, call the field whatever you want.
常见的使用方式(设置为null)
class ApiList(models.Model): desc = models.CharField(max_length=255, verbose_name="接口描述") keyword = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="请求关键字") response = models.TextField(verbose_name="响应结果") api = models.ForeignKey(Api, blank=True, null=True, on_delete=models.SET_NULL, verbose_name="所属接口") status = models.IntegerField(default=1, verbose_name="状态") create_at = models.CharField(max_length=20, verbose_name="创建时间") update_at = models.CharField(max_length=20, verbose_name="更新时间")
一对多(ForeignKey)
class ForeignKey(ForeignObject):
def __init__(self, to, on_delete, related_name=None, related_query_name=None,
limit_choices_to=None, parent_link=False, to_field=None,
db_constraint=True, **kwargs):
super().__init__(to, on_delete, from_fields=['self'], to_fields=[to_field], **kwargs)
一对一(OneToOneField)
class OneToOneField(ForeignKey):
def __init__(self, to, on_delete, to_field=None, **kwargs):
kwargs['unique'] = True
super().__init__(to, on_delete, to_field=to_field, **kwargs)
从上面外键(ForeignKey)和一对一(OneToOneField)的参数中可以看出,都有on_delete参数,而 django 升级到2.0之后,表与表之间关联的时候,必须要写on_delete参数,否则会报异常:
TypeError: __init__() missing 1 required positional argument: 'on_delete'
因此,整理一下on_delete参数的各个值的含义:
on_delete=None, # 删除关联表中的数据时,当前表与其关联的field的行为
on_delete=models.CASCADE, # 删除关联数据,与之关联也删除
on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING, # 删除关联数据,什么也不做
on_delete=models.PROTECT, # 删除关联数据,引发错误ProtectedError
# models.ForeignKey('关联表', on_delete=models.SET_NULL, blank=True, null=True)
on_delete=models.SET_NULL, # 删除关联数据,与之关联的值设置为null（前提FK字段需要设置为可空,一对一同理）
# models.ForeignKey('关联表', on_delete=models.SET_DEFAULT, default='默认值')
on_delete=models.SET_DEFAULT, # 删除关联数据,与之关联的值设置为默认值（前提FK字段需要设置默认值,一对一同理）
on_delete=models.SET, # 删除关联数据,
a. 与之关联的值设置为指定值,设置：models.SET(值)
b. 与之关联的值设置为可执行对象的返回值,设置：models.SET(可执行对象)
多对多(ManyToManyField)
class ManyToManyField(RelatedField):
def __init__(self, to, related_name=None, related_query_name=None,
limit_choices_to=None, symmetrical=None, through=None,
through_fields=None, db_constraint=True, db_table=None,
swappable=True, **kwargs):
super().__init__(**kwargs)
因为多对多(ManyToManyField)没有 on_delete 参数,所以略过不提.
二、on_delete外键删除方式
- CASCADE：级联删除。当Manufacturer对象删除时，它对应的Car对象也会删除。
- PROTECT：保护模式，采用该选项，删除时会抛出ProtectedError错误。
- SET_NULL：置空模式，删除的时候，外键字段被设置为空，前提就是blank=True, null=True,定义该字段的时候，允许为空。当Manufacturer对象删除时，它对应的Car对象的manufacturer字段会置空，前提是null=True
- SET_DEFAULT：置默认值，删除的时候，外键字段设置为默认值，所以定义外键的时候注意加上一个默认值。
- SET()：自定义一个值，该值当然只能是对应的实体了
django3.0关于models官方文档地址：
1.https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/topics/db/models/
2.https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.0/ref/models/fields/#django.db.models.ForeignKey
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