Python Selenium 设置元素等待的三种方式
Selenium 设置元素等待的三种方式
1. sleep 强制等待
2. implicitly_wait() 隐性等待
3. WebDriverWait()显示等待
三种方式的优缺点
1. sleep 强制等待
from selenium import webdriver from time import sleep driver = webdriver.Chrome() sleep(2) #设置等待2秒钟 driver.get('http://www.baidu.com')
优点:
代码简介,简单明了
缺点:
如果设置sleep等待时间过短,元素还没加载出来,程序报错,sleep设置等待时间过长,元素早就加载出来了,程序还在等待,浪费是时间,影响代码整体的运行效率
个人看法:
简单粗暴,根据网站的响应速度和自己的网速来设置合理的休眠时间
2. implicitly_wait() 隐性等待
from selenium import webdriver from time import sleep driver = webdriver.Chrome() driver.implicitly_wait(20) #设置等待20秒钟 driver.get('http://www.baidu.com')
优点:
1.代码简介
2.在代码前部分加implicitly_wait(10) ,整个的程序运行过程中都会有效(作用于全局,直接在初始化driver的后面加,后面的代码都会受影响),都会等待元素加载完成
3.在设置的时间内没有加载到整个页面,则会报NosuchElementError。如果元素在第10s被加载出来,自动执行下面的脚本,不会一直等待10s
缺点:
1. 非要加载到整个页面才执行代码,这样影响代码的执行效率,一般情况下,我们想要的结果是只需加载到了我要定位的元素就执行代码,不需要等待整个页面的完全加载出来再执行代码。
个人看法:
1.不适合用在数据在ajax的网站中,比如翻页什么的,某个元素一直存在,但是数据一直在变,这样的话只要加载出来第一页,后面翻页的数据全部会和第一页的数据相同,因为代码判断了这个元素已经被加载出来了,不会等ajax去加载
3. WebDriverWait()显示等待
from selenium import webdriver from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait #WebDriverWait注意大小写 from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By driver = webdriver.Chrome() driver.get('http://www.baidu.com') try: element = WebDriverWait(driver,10).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID,'kw'))) element.send_keys('123') driver.find_element_by_id('su').click() except Exception as message: print('元素定位报错%s'%message) finally: pass
优点:
代码执行效率快。无需等待整个页面加载完成,只需加载到你要定位的元素就可以执行代码。是最智能的设置元素等待的方式。
缺点:
1.要导入from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
必须要导入以上3个包,导包路径相当的复杂,啰嗦而且麻烦
2.写等待时间的代码也是复杂。步骤稍微有点多。
element=WebDriverWait(driver,10).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID,‘kw'))) element.send_keys(‘123')
个人看法: 相比于两种,这种方式可以算的上好的了,但是就是麻烦,写的代码太多,使用的话可以和第一种方式sleep混合使用,不过我还是喜欢用sleep,本身使用selenium就是没办法破开网站,或者使用selenium比直接破解的方式更好才使用这种,我个人是能不用就不用,抓取速度太慢了。
附上我抓取一个网站的代码,这网站作者的成果抓不到,只好用这种方式来抓了:
from selenium import webdriver import time from lxml.html import etree import copy import json from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC def getAuthors(): j1 = set() f = open('Author.json', 'r', encoding='utf-8') data = f.read() data_list = data.split('\n') for dt in data_list: j1.add(dt) f.close() print('j1= ', len(j1)) j2 = set() f1 = open('yzq.json', 'r', encoding='utf-8') data1 = f1.read() data_list1 = data1.split('\n') for dt in data_list1: j2.add(dt) print('j2= ', len(j2)) countSet = j1 - j2 print('countset= ', len(countSet)) AuthorsData = [] for dt in countSet: dt_json = json.loads(dt) if int(dt_json["成果"]) > 0: AuthorsData.append(dt_json) # dt = {'img': 'https://www.scholarmate.com/avatars/99/92/62/37572.jpg', 'name': '吴伟', # 'url': 'https://www.scholarmate.com/P/aeiUZr', 'org': '复旦大学, 教授', '项目': 20, '成果': 234, 'H指数': '24'} print('AuthorData= ', len(AuthorsData)) return AuthorsData def parseHtml(html, i): temp_list = [] html_data = etree.HTML(html) project_html = html_data.xpath('//div[@class="pub-idx__main"]') for p in project_html: # pro_name = p.xpath('./div[@class="pub-idx__main_title"]/a/@title')[0] pro_name = p.xpath('.//a/@title')[0].strip().replace(r'\xa0', '') # pro_url = p.xpath('./div[@class="pub-idx__main_title"]/a/@href')[0] pro_url = p.xpath('.//a/@href')[0] pro_author = p.xpath('./div[2]/@title')[0].strip().replace('\xa0', '') # pro_author = p.xpath('.//div[@class="pub-idx__main_author"]/@title') pro_inst = p.xpath('./div[3]/@title')[0] temp_dict = { 'num': i, 'pro_name': pro_name, 'pro_url': pro_url, 'pro_author': pro_author, 'pro_inst': pro_inst } temp_list.append(copy.deepcopy(temp_dict)) return temp_list def parseData(author_data): try: url = author_data['url'] ach_num = int(author_data['成果']) pages = ach_num // 10 pages_ys = ach_num % 10 if pages_ys > 0: pages += 1 driver = webdriver.Chrome() # driver.implicitly_wait(10) driver.get(url) psn_data = [] for i in range(1, pages+1): if i == 1: # 防止抓取到半路的时候页面没有响应,这部分数据就直接扔掉 try: # time.sleep(2) driver.find_element_by_xpath('//*[@id="pubTab"]').click() # time.sleep(3) # 有以下这些选择 # WebDriverWait(driver, 5).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, 'pub-idx__main'))) # WebDriverWait(driver, 5).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.CLASS_NAME, 'pub-idx__main'))) # WebDriverWait(driver, 5).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, './/pub-idx__main'))) # 这个也不适合这个网站,还是会抓到重复的 WebDriverWait(driver, 5).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH, '//div[@class="pub-idx__main"]'))) html = driver.page_source temp_dict = parseHtml(html, i) psn_data.append(copy.deepcopy(temp_dict)) except: import traceback print(traceback.print_exc()) pass else: # driver.find_element_by_xpath('//*[@id="pubTab"]').click() # 将页面拉到底部 try: js = "var q=document.documentElement.scrollTop=100000" driver.execute_script(js) # time.sleep(1) driver.find_element_by_xpath('//div[@class="pagination__pages_next"]').click() # time.sleep(2) WebDriverWait(driver, 5).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH, '//div[@class="pub-idx__main"]'))) html = driver.page_source temp_dict = parseHtml(html, i) psn_data.append(copy.deepcopy(temp_dict)) except: pass driver.close() psn_data = { 'init_data': author_data, 'psn_data': psn_data } print(psn_data) psn_data_string = json.dumps(psn_data, ensure_ascii=False) with open('data.json', 'a+', encoding='utf-8') as f: f.write('{}\n'.format(psn_data_string)) author_data_string = json.dumps(author_data, ensure_ascii=False) with open('yzq.json', 'a+', encoding='utf-8') as f: f.write('{}\n'.format(author_data_string)) except: pass # import traceback # print(traceback.print_exc()) # au_strign = json.dumps(author_data, ensure_ascii=False) # author_data_string = json.dumps(au_strign, ensure_ascii=False) # with open('error.json', 'a+', encoding='utf-8') as f: # f.write('{}\n'.format(author_data_string)) def main(): # authors的值:给出三条 # {"img": "https://www.scholarmate.com/avatars/e4/fe/1e/1000002077830.png", "name": "胡婷", # "url": "https://www.scholarmate.com/P/QFFbae", "org": "四川大学, 主治医师", "项目": "0", "成果": "11", "H指数": "0"} # {"img": "https://www.scholarmate.com/avatars/01/ea/59/1000002180047.png", "name": "白晓涓", # "url": "https://www.scholarmate.com/P/73me22", "org": "", "项目": "6", "成果": "8", "H指数": "0"} # {"img": "https://www.scholarmate.com/avatars/fe/0d/89/1000000732306.png", "name": "原鹏飞", # "url": "https://www.scholarmate.com/P/77nIFr", "org": "国家统计局统计科学研究所, 副研究员", "项目": "0", "成果": "90", "H指数": "0"} AuthorsData = getAuthors() for authors in AuthorsData: print('author= ', authors) parseData(authors) if __name__ == '__main__': main()
友情链接:
https://www.cnblogs.com/zhaof/p/6953241.html
https://blog.csdn.net/xiezhiming1234/article/details/83865314
https://www.cnblogs.com/April-Chou-HelloWorld/p/8855760.html
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