以一个投票程序的实例来讲解Python的Django框架使用

dizzy@dizzy-pc:~$ python
Python 2.7.3 (default, Apr 20 2012, 22:44:07) 
[GCC 4.6.3] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
> import django
> help(django)
VERSION = (1, 6, 4, 'final', 0)
#可以查看django版本等信息。

#先创建一个文件夹
dizzy@dizzy-pc:~$ mkdir Python
dizzy@dizzy-pc:~$ cd Python
#然后创建工程
dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python$ django-admin.py startproject mysite
dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python$ cd mysite
#然后这个工程就可以启动服务了
dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python/mysite$ python manage.py runserver
Validating models...
 
0 errors found
July 23, 2014 - 14:17:29
Django version 1.6.4, using settings 'mysite.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
Quit the server with CONTROL-C.
#这样，打开浏览器访问： 便可看到： It Worked！ 关闭服务：ctrl+c
 
#新创建的项目里面会有：manage.py文件，mysite文件夹
#在mysite文件夹里面会有：__init__.py,settings.py,urls.py,wsgi.py四个文件
 
#__init__.py是一个空文件，
#setting.py 是项目的配置文件。需要修改两个地方，这里使用默认的SQLite3数据库
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-cn' #原：en-us
TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai' #原：UTC
 
#配置完之后，便可以创建数据表了
dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python/mysite$ python manage.py syncdb
#创建是还要设置一个超级管理员，用于后台登录。
#设置完之后，开启服务，便可进入后台管理界面了：http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/

#创建一个用于投票的app。
#进入mysite工程根目录，创建app
dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python/mysite$ python manage.py startapp polls
dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python/mysite$ ls polls
admin.py  __init__.py  models.py urls.py  views.py
 
#这样。Django已经生成了，app通常所需的模板文件。

dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python/mysite$ vim polls/models.py

from django.db import models
 
# Create your models here.
 
from django.db import models
 
class Poll(models.Model):
  question = models.CharField(max_length=200)
  pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')
 
class Choice(models.Model):
  poll = models.ForeignKey(Poll)
  choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
  votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)
#基本创建model过程就是这样，细节还要深入研究！

dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python/mysite$ vim mysite/settings.py
 
INSTALLED_APPS = (
  'django.contrib.admin',
  'django.contrib.auth',
  'django.contrib.contenttypes',
  'django.contrib.sessions',
  'django.contrib.messages',
  'django.contrib.staticfiles',
  'polls',
)
 
#可以使用 python manage.py sql polls 查看app的建表SQL
#使用 python manage.py syncdb 进行创建数据库表
dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python/mysite$ ./manage.py sql polls
BEGIN;
CREATE TABLE "polls_poll" (
  "id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
  "question" varchar(200) NOT NULL,
  "pub_date" datetime NOT NULL
)
;
CREATE TABLE "polls_choice" (
  "id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
  "poll_id" integer NOT NULL REFERENCES "polls_poll" ("id"),
  "choice_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL,
  "votes" integer NOT NULL
)
;
 
COMMIT;
 
#这样就可以通过设置model让Django自动创建数据库表了
    要想在后台admin中管理polls。还需要修改app下面的admin.py 文件。

from django.contrib import admin
 
# Register your models here.
 
from django.contrib import admin
from polls.models import Choice,Poll
 
class ChoiceInLine(admin.StackedInline):
  model = Choice
  extra = 3
 
class PollAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
  fieldsets = [
    (None,         {'fields':['question']}),
    ('Date information',  {'fields':['pub_date'],'classes':['collapse']}),
  ]
  inlines = [ChoiceInLine]
 
admin.site.register(Poll,PollAdmin)
 
#这部分代码，大体能看懂，具体的规则还要稍后的仔细研究。
##这部分代码，由于拼写失误，导致多处出错。细节决定成败！！

dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python/mysite$ vim polls/views.py

from django.shortcuts import render,get_object_or_404
 
# Create your views here.
from django.http import HttpResponse
from polls.models import Poll
 
def index(request):
  latest_poll_list = Poll.objects.all().order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
  context = {'latest_poll_list':latest_poll_list}
  return render(request,'polls/index.html',context)
 
def detail(request,poll_id):
  poll = get_object_or_404(Poll,pk=poll_id)
  return render(request,'polls/detail.html',{'poll':poll})
 
def results(request,poll_id):
  return HttpResponse("you're looking at the results of poll %s." % poll_id)
 
def vote(request,poll_id):
  return HttpResponse("you're voting on poll %s." % poll_id)
 
#涉及Django的自带函数，不做深究。后面再做研究！

from django.conf.urls import patterns,url
 
from polls import views
 
urlpatterns = patterns('',
  #ex:/polls/
  url(r'^$',views.index,name='index'),
  #ex:/polls/5/
  url(r'^("htmlcode">

dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python/mysite$ vim mysite/urls.py






from django.conf.urls import patterns, include, url
 
from django.contrib import admin
admin.autodiscover()
 
urlpatterns = patterns('',
  # Examples:
  # url(r'^$', 'mysite.views.home', name='home'),
  # url(r'^blog/', include('blog.urls')),
 
  url(r'^polls/', include('polls.urls',namespace="polls")),
  url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)),
)
#有Example：两种形式。因为是元组，所以开始有“ ‘'， ”。



            然后开始创建模板文件。在polls下，创建templates文件夹。下面有index.html, detail.html 两个文件。


<!-- index.html -->
{% if latest_poll_list %}
  <ul>
  {% for poll in latest_poll_list %}
    <li><a href="{% url 'polls:detail' poll_id=poll.id %}">{{ poll.question }}</a></li>
  {% endfor %}
  </ul>
{% else %}
  <p>No polls are available.</p>
{% endif %}
 
<!--detail.html-->
<h1>{{ poll.question }}</h1>
<ul>
{% for choice in poll.choice_set.all %}
  <li>{{ choice.choice_text }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
 
<!-- 视图设置完毕，具体语法还要深入研究！ -->
<!-- 现在重启服务， 便可看到相应视图 -->



        （4）投票功能完善
            上面只是简单的实现了视图功能，并没有真正的实现投票功能。接下来就是完善功能。


#修改模板文件
dizzy@dizzy-pc:~/Python/mysite$ vim polls/templates/polls/detail.html
#需要加入form表单

<h1>{{ poll.question }}</h1>
 
{% if error_message %}<p><strong>{{ error_message }}</strong></p>{% endif %}
 
<form action="{% url 'polls:vote' poll.id %}" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
{% for choice in poll.choice_set.all %}
  <input type="radio" name="choice" id="choice{{ forloop.counter }}" value="{{ choice.id }}" />
  <label for="choice{{ forloop.counter }}">{{ choice.choice_text }}</label><br />
{% endfor %}
<input type="submit" value="Vote" />
</form>




            然后需要修改 views.py 中的 vote 处理函数。进行post数据的接收与处理。


# 文件 polls/views.py
 
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect, HttpResponse
from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse
from polls.models import Choice, Poll
# ...
def vote(request, poll_id):
  p = get_object_or_404(Poll, pk=poll_id)
  try:
    selected_choice = p.choice_set.get(pk=request.POST['choice'])
  except (KeyError, Choice.DoesNotExist):
    # Redisplay the poll voting form.
    return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {
      'poll': p,
      'error_message': "You didn't select a choice.",
    })
  else:
    selected_choice.votes += 1
    selected_choice.save()
    # Always return an HttpResponseRedirect after successfully dealing
    # with POST data. This prevents data from being posted twice if a
    # user hits the Back button.
    return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('polls:results', args=(p.id,)))



            在投票成功之后，让用户浏览器重定向到结果 results.html 页。


def results(request, poll_id):
  poll = get_object_or_404(Poll, pk=poll_id)
  return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'poll': poll})



            然后就需要创建模板 results.html 。





<!-- polls/templates/polls/results.html -->
 
<h1>{{ poll.question }}</h1>
 
<ul>
{% for choice in poll.choice_set.all %}
  <li>{{ choice.choice_text }} -- {{ choice.votes }} vote{{ choice.votes|pluralize }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
 
<a href="{% url 'polls:detail' poll.id %}">Vote again?</a>



            至此，重启服务就能看到单选按钮，以及submit了。